湖北(bei)潤(run)德(de)(de)西科技有限公司(si)自成立以來(lai)，始終堅持科研創新，不斷(duan)學習，改進更新產品(pin)。經過多(duo)方論(lun)證、反復打磨，2023年10月12日(ri)，由華北(bei)電(dian)力(li)大(da)學夏(xia)延(yan)秋博導與潤(run)德(de)(de)西總(zong)經理(li)楊洪濤(tao)同(tong)志共同(tong)撰(zhuan)寫的論(lun)文《電(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)機軸(zhou)承電(dian)腐蝕及用脂分析》被中國石油煉制(zhi)分會評(ping)為“全國第二十(shi)二屆(jie)潤(run)滑(hua)脂技術交流會優秀論(lun)文”，并被中國石化出(chu)版社(she)《全國第二十(shi)二屆(jie)潤(run)滑(hua)脂交流會論(lun)文集(ji)》收(shou)錄。

　　論文主(zhu)要(yao)論述的是：

　　根據電動(dong)汽車軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)電流(liu)的產生(sheng)和發展(zhan)，介紹(shao)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)潤(run)(run)滑脂應(ying)具有的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和潤(run)(run)滑脂的潤(run)(run)滑機(ji)理。對制備的潤(run)(run)滑脂物理化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)及潤(run)(run)滑性(xing)能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行了(le)分析評價。重點論述了(le)電機(ji)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的結構組成及失效形(xing)式、電機(ji)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的失效原因、軸(zhou)電流(liu)作用下(xia)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的防(fang)護、軸(zhou)電流(liu)作用下(xia)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)用潤(run)(run)滑脂及導(dao)電潤(run)(run)滑脂的導(dao)電能(neng)(neng)力和摩擦學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。

　　此次(ci)論文(wen)獲(huo)得榮譽正(zheng)是對潤德西(xi)(xi)始終堅持科研創(chuang)新精神的肯定，反(fan)映了潤德西(xi)(xi)一(yi)貫(guan)支持創(chuang)新、重(zhong)視科研投入(ru)的經營理念。相(xiang)信(xin)在(zai)總經理楊洪(hong)濤(tao)同志的帶領下，潤德西(xi)(xi)一(yi)定會取(qu)得更加輝煌的成就(jiu)。

　　附：論文(wen)原文(wen)

　　電動汽車電機軸承電腐蝕及用脂分析

　　夏延秋1，楊洪濤2

　　(1.華(hua)北電力(li)大(da)學(xue) 能(neng)源(yuan)動力(li)與機械工程學(xue)院，北京 102206;.2. 湖北潤(run)德西科技有(you)限公司潤(run)德西，襄陽 441100 )

　　摘要(yao)：伴隨(sui)著雙碳計劃的開(kai)展，新能(neng)(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)，尤(you)其(qi)是純電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)已開(kai)始大(da)規模商(shang)用，純電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)因其(qi)工作環境(jing)發生(sheng)變化，對潤滑(hua)脂性(xing)能(neng)(neng)提出了更高的要(yao)求。本文根據(ju)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)軸承(cheng)電流的產生(sheng)和發展，介紹軸承(cheng)潤滑(hua)脂應(ying)具有(you)的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和潤滑(hua)脂的潤滑(hua)機理。對制(zhi)備的潤滑(hua)脂物理化學(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)及潤滑(hua)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)進行了分(fen)析評價。

　　關鍵詞：電力設備;導電潤滑(hua)脂;添加劑(ji);導電能力;潤滑(hua)性能

　　Electrical Corrosion and Grease Analysis of Electric Vehicle Motor Bearings

　　Xia Yanqiu 1, Yang Hongtao 2

　　(1. School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206; 2. Hubei Rundexi Technology Co., Ltd. Rundexi, Xiangyang 441100)

　　Abstract: With the implementation of the dual carbon plan, new energy vehicles, especially pure electric vehicles, have begun to be commercialized on a large scale. Pure electric vehicles have higher requirements for lubricating grease performance due to changes in their working environment. This article introduces the performance and lubrication mechanism of bearing grease based on the generation and development of electric vehicle bearing current. The physicochemical and lubricating properties of the prepared lubricating grease were analyzed and evaluated.

　　Keywords: power equipment; Conductive lubricating grease; additive; Conductivity

0引言

　　純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車甩(shuai)掉了燃油發(fa)(fa)動(dong)機，以車載電(dian)(dian)源為(wei)動(dong)力，用電(dian)(dian)機驅(qu)動(dong)車輪行駛。由于零排(pai)放，對(dui)環境影響相(xiang)對(dui)傳統汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車較小，逐漸成為(wei)當今世界汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車行業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)主(zhu)流。截至2022年底，我(wo)國純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車保有量1045萬(wan)輛，而且每(mei)年以80%的(de)速度增長。純(chun)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車本身(shen)不排(pai)放有害氣(qi)體，同時電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車還可以充(chong)分利用晚(wan)間(jian)用電(dian)(dian)低谷時富(fu)余的(de)電(dian)(dian)力充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)日夜(ye)都能充(chong)分利用，大大提高其經濟效益。正(zheng)是(shi)這些優點(dian)，使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車的(de)研究和應用成為(wei)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車工業發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)“熱點(dian)”。

　　純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車最重要的(de)(de)(de)部件就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置，遵循電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁感應定(ding)律，完成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換或(huo)傳遞，是(shi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)總稱(下文中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)統稱為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji))。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設備組成(cheng)中(zhong)發(fa)生(sheng)故障機(ji)率最高的(de)(de)(de)部分，故障在(zai)整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)約占(zhan)60%以(yi)上，其(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)30%又是(shi)因潤(run)滑(hua)不良所導(dao)致。可(ke)見(jian)軸承(cheng)(cheng)潤(run)滑(hua)狀態的(de)(de)(de)優劣，直接關系到整(zheng)個(ge)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)設備能(neng)否正常工(gong)作。如果不能(neng)準(zhun)確有效地判(pan)斷出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸承(cheng)(cheng)早期故障類型和及時預(yu)知軸承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)退化狀態和損傷(shang)情況，則(ze)會影(ying)響整(zheng)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)系統的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全維護,易造成(cheng)災難性的(de)(de)(de)事故。

　　軸承潤滑脂具有降(jiang)低滾動體間摩擦、減少(shao)動力消耗、排(pai)出(chu)熱量(liang)、防止軸承溫升和(he)抗(kang)疲勞(lao)的作(zuo)用，同(tong)時，軸承潤滑脂還應具有好的潤滑性(xing)、抗(kang)氧化、防腐、防銹、減振和(he)降(jiang)噪(zao)等(deng)作(zuo)用。因此正確選擇電機(ji)軸承脂是提高(gao)電機(ji)工作(zuo)穩定性(xing)和(he)長(chang)壽命的關(guan)鍵。

1 電機軸承的結構組成及失效形式

　　如(ru)圖(tu)1所示(shi)，電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)通常(chang)選用滾動(dong)軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)，一般由內(nei)圈、外圈、滾動(dong)體和(he)保持架(jia)構(gou)成，有人將潤(run)滑脂稱(cheng)為電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)“第(di)5個零件”，可見電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)潤(run)滑脂的(de)重要性。

　　Fig.1 Composition diagram of motor bearing

　　圖1 電機軸承組成圖

　　電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)是將運轉的(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)與軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)座(zuo)之間的(de)(de)(de)滑動摩擦變(bian)為滾(gun)動摩擦，從而減(jian)少(shao)摩擦損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)一種精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)元件。外圈起(qi)支(zhi)撐作用，內圈與軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)一起(qi)旋轉，滾(gun)動體與保(bao)持架配(pei)合并容納潤滑油脂(zhi)，引導滾(gun)動體旋轉起(qi)潤滑作用。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)失(shi)效形(xing)式包括疲(pi)勞(lao)、磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)、塑(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕和點蝕等。其中(zhong)疲(pi)勞(lao)磨(mo)(mo)損(sun)、腐蝕、燒傷主要(yao)(yao)與潤滑脂(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)質量有關，而塑(su)性(xing)變(bian)形(xing)和保(bao)持架損(sun)壞(huai)主要(yao)(yao)與軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)材料有關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕主要(yao)(yao)與軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)有關。大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)例分析(xi)報告涉及到(dao)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)高壓變(bian)頻調速電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站水輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、石化大(da)中(zhong)型三相異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、有軌機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)車牽引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等等諸多行業的(de)(de)(de)各種規模型號種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)，顯然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)故障中(zhong)一類(lei)越(yue)來越(yue)不容忽視的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。

　　1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)是指(zhi)軸(zhou)承內圈(quan)和(he)(he)滾動體(ti)之間、軸(zhou)承外圈(quan)和(he)(he)滾動體(ti)之間各(ge)自構成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，當軸(zhou)承內外套(tao)圈(quan)和(he)(he)滾動體(ti)之間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過絕緣擊穿閾值時，就會(hui)擊穿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容產生瞬時大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過滾動體(ti)和(he)(he)潤(run)滑(hua)油(you)膜從軸(zhou)承的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)套(tao)圈(quan)傳遞到另(ling)一(yi)個(ge)套(tao)圈(quan)，在(zai)套(tao)圈(quan)和(he)(he)滾動體(ti)之間的(de)(de)接觸(chu)區發生集(ji)中(zhong)火花放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，局部火花溫(wen)度(du)很(hen)高，造(zao)成(cheng)在(zai)非常短的(de)(de)時間間隔(ge)內局部受熱，使得接觸(chu)區發生熔化(hua)并(bing)膠合在(zai)一(yi)起。2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流泄漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)是指(zhi)即使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流強(qiang)度(du)很(hen)小，在(zai)連續形成(cheng)時也會(hui)發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)象。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通(tong)過整個(ge)接觸(chu)橢圓(球軸(zhou)承)和(he)(he)接觸(chu)線(滾子(zi)軸(zhou)承)，隨著(zhu)軸(zhou)承旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，凹坑將(jiang)(jiang)逐步(bu)發展(zhan)為(wei)(wei)波紋狀(zhuang)凹槽，也稱為(wei)(wei)“搓(cuo)衣板(ban)紋”。通(tong)常軸(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)分為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓過高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流泄露電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)類(lei)。圖(tu)2示出了軸(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)損傷(shang)的(de)(de)2種(zhong)類(lei)型。針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流對潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)影響通(tong)常有兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)觀點，一(yi)種(zhong)是放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瞬間釋放的(de)(de)熱量引起潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)變質，油(you)膜破裂，使軸(zhou)承溫(wen)度(du)升(sheng)高，嚴重的(de)(de)將(jiang)(jiang)會(hui)導致潤(run)滑(hua)油(you)碳化(hua)并(bing)失(shi)去潤(run)滑(hua)作用，并(bing)使軸(zhou)承表面產生不可恢(hui)復(fu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)軸(zhou)承表面被局部加(jia)熱和(he)(he)熔化(hua)，會(hui)出現(xian)斑點或(huo)凹坑呈現(xian)出金屬熔融現(xian)象或(huo)波紋狀(zhuang)損傷(shang)。另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)觀點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不會(hui)引起導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)降(jiang)解和(he)(he)失(shi)效。

2 電機軸承的失效原因

　　傳統三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，其軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)主要由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)磁(ci)路不(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡和不(bu)(bu)對(dui)稱引起，環繞(rao)(rao)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的凈磁(ci)通量產生(sheng)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。而(er)現代PWM變(bian)(bian)頻供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)源(yuan)逆變(bian)(bian)器輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)只有(you)高(gao)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)兩(liang)種(zhong)狀態，只有(you)兩(liang)個(ge)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)狀態時，不(bu)(bu)可能產生(sheng)完(wan)全對(dui)稱的三相(xiang)(xiang)波形，因(yin)此會發(fa)生(sheng)不(bu)(bu)平(ping)衡(三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和不(bu)(bu)為零)。其結果(guo)是繞(rao)(rao)組中(zhong)性(xing)點在正負直流(liu)母(mu)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)之間(jian)跳變(bian)(bian)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)繞(rao)(rao)組和殼體(ti)地之間(jian)產生(sheng)非常大的共模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，同時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅值變(bian)(bian)化率較高(gao)。這些(xie)因(yin)素通過多(duo)種(zhong)路徑耦合導(dao)致新增多(duo)種(zhong)形式的軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，其因(yin)果(guo)效應鏈如圖3所(suo)示。另外根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)及工作原理，由(you)于轉子偏(pian)心、間(jian)隙不(bu)(bu)均勻、定(ding)子硅鋼片接縫，以及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的其他故障(zhang)，導(dao)致主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場不(bu)(bu)對(dui)稱，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)兩(liang)端將會出(chu)(chu)現交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承上的分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)達到一(yi)定(ding)閾(yu)值時，將擊(ji)穿軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承中(zhong)的油膜(mo), 在軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承轉軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、內圈、外圈和軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承室(shi)組成(cheng)的回(hui)路中(zhong)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，導(dao)致軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承失效。

　　Fig. 3 Bearing current induced by variable frequency drive motor

　　圖3變頻驅動電(dian)機誘導的(de)軸承電(dian)流

3 軸電流作用下軸承的防護

　　有學者(zhe)提出(chu)內(nei)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)絕緣、外圈(quan)(quan)(quan)絕緣和(he)(he)滾動體(ti)絕緣3種絕緣方式，其中永磁電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)承內(nei)徑和(he)(he)外徑表面形(xing)狀不規則，不適合采(cai)用內(nei)、外圈(quan)(quan)(quan)噴涂絕緣層(見圖4)，應該選用陶瓷滾動體(ti)混合軸(zhou)承實現軸(zhou)承絕緣的(de)要求。減小或消除軸(zhou)電(dian)流(liu)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)損傷，主要手(shou)段是限制(zhi)軸(zhou)電(dian)壓的(de)升(sheng)高和(he)(he)定向引(yin)(yin)導(dao)軸(zhou)電(dian)流(liu)流(liu)通(tong)路徑，方法有多種(見圖5)。針(zhen)對電(dian)動汽(qi)車電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)電(dian)流(liu)問題，特斯(si)拉和(he)(he)華為均推(tui)出(chu)了(le)相關專(zhuan)利(li)技(ji)術，來(lai)抑制(zhi)軸(zhou)電(dian)流(liu)。

　　Fig. 5 Bearing current suppression method picture

　　圖5 軸承電(dian)流(liu)抑制方法(fa)圖

4 軸電流作用下(xia)軸承(cheng)用潤滑(hua)脂(zhi)

　　軸(zhou)承(cheng)多采用脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)潤(run)(run)滑，潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在滾動體(ti)表(biao)面形成一(yi)(yi)層油膜，把(ba)滾動體(ti)與滾動軌道(dao)隔開，降低接觸表(biao)面的(de)摩擦和(he)磨損(sun)、噪(zao)聲、軸(zhou)承(cheng)溫升(sheng)，延長了(le)軸(zhou)承(cheng)的(de)疲勞(lao)壽命。此(ci)外(wai)，潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還可防(fang)(fang)止外(wai)部的(de)灰塵等(deng)異物(wu)進入軸(zhou)承(cheng)內部，起到一(yi)(yi)定的(de)密封防(fang)(fang)塵作用。對于電(dian)機軸(zhou)承(cheng)，由于軸(zhou)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)存(cun)在，潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)選擇上就要考(kao)慮潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)防(fang)(fang)電(dian)腐蝕性(xing)能，同時(shi)潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)也是保證軸(zhou)承(cheng)不損(sun)傷的(de)最后一(yi)(yi)道(dao)屏(ping)障(zhang)。

　　Miliani[1]指(zhi)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車、鐵路(lu)機車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流問題嚴(yan)重影(ying)響軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)壽命;Prashad等[2]觀察到(dao)當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過(guo)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)，破壞了(le)(le)(le)油(you)膜(mo)穩(wen)定(ding)和(he)(he)(he)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理化(hua)學性能, 不僅在軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)頸和(he)(he)(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)瓦上出現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)麻點(dian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，還發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，并通過(guo)測試潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)阻抗變化(hua)來確定(ding)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)軌道產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量和(he)(he)(he)瞬時(shi)溫(wen)(wen)升，并以此估算波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)程度;Biswas等[3]的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究表明(ming)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即使水(shui)平(ping)較(jiao)低(di)，也可以積累(lei)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷，使潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)，在軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)表面(mian)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang);Prashad[4-5]發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)閾(yu)值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，會(hui)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)局部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流引(yin)起潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)，甚至碳化(hua);而(er)(er)當軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于閾(yu)值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流會(hui)突然增加(jia)(jia)，引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)侵蝕、加(jia)(jia)速潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)失效，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang);Tischmacher等[6]在軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)測試平(ping)臺上的(de)(de)(de)(de)試驗表明(ming)，潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性、外加(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)、軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)、振(zhen)動情況和(he)(he)(he)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)轉速均影(ying)響油(you)膜(mo)厚度及能否擊穿; Romanenko等[7-8]考察了(le)(le)(le)幾種典型潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)引(yin)起降(jiang)解(jie)(jie)(jie)時(shi)，潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)介(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)強(qiang)度和(he)(he)(he)化(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)稠化(hua)劑(ji)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)酸和(he)(he)(he)醇并形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)合物，因(yin)(yin)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)劑(ji)分解(jie)(jie)(jie)而(er)(er)失去(qu)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)導致(zhi)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)表面(mian)失去(qu)防護(hu)，此時(shi)若能夠及時(shi)補充新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，則軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流暫時(shi)消(xiao)失。但(dan)目前的(de)(de)(de)(de)結論是： 研(yan)究發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，選用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻和(he)(he)(he)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，都會(hui)引(yin)起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕。Suzumura[9]的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，選用(yong)聚(ju)α烯烴、酯類(lei)油(you)做(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基礎油(you)，分別以納米(mi)炭黑做(zuo)稠化(hua)劑(ji)制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(1.7×103Ω?cm、6.7×101Ω?cm)，在軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)下(xia)，軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)表面(mian)沒有出現(xian)(xian)波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)，但(dan)用(yong)礦物油(you)制(zhi)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)復合鋰(li)(li)基脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、復合鋰(li)(li)基脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)再加(jia)(jia)入碳納米(mi)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)( >1×107Ω?cm、5.6×104Ω?cm)，則出現(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)。作(zuo)(zuo)者認為導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可以預防波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)，是由于導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通道的(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)(le)接(jie)觸區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密(mi)度，所以低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不易產生(sheng)波紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蝕損(sun)(sun)(sun)傷(shang)。

5 導電潤滑脂的導電能力和摩擦學性能

　　已(yi)有的研(yan)究發現，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)金屬(shu)粉(fen)(fen)包(bao)括銀(yin)粉(fen)(fen)、鎢粉(fen)(fen)、鎳粉(fen)(fen)和(he)銅粉(fen)(fen)以(yi)及硼酸鹽、二(er)硫化(hua)鎢，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)炭黑等(deng)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)添加劑已(yi)廣泛應用(yong)在(zai)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑脂中。隨(sui)著(zhu)科技進步，離子液體、聚合物和(he)低(di)維(wei)碳納米材(cai)料(liao)等(deng)非金屬(shu)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料(liao)的研(yan)究也悄然(ran)興起，不(bu)斷有研(yan)究成果面(mian)世。微納米級銀(yin)粉(fen)(fen)、銅粉(fen)(fen)、鋁粉(fen)(fen)等(deng)金屬(shu)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)介質易導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑脂氧化(hua)和(he)接觸副磨(mo)損，用(yong)非金屬(shu)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料(liao)取代金屬(shu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料(liao)成為必(bi)然(ran)。

　　本課題(ti)組(zu)率先開展了(le)(le)潤(run)滑(hua)脂導(dao)電(dian)(dian)添加劑的(de)研究。2012年，王澤云[10]發表(biao)了(le)(le)離子液體合成導(dao)電(dian)(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)脂的(de)研究論(lun)文(wen)(表(biao)2列出了(le)(le)潤(run)滑(hua)脂的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng))。隨(sui)后樊小強(qiang)[11]發表(biao)了(le)(le)用原位方法(fa)合成的(de)離子液體做導(dao)電(dian)(dian)添加劑的(de)論(lun)文(wen)(見表(biao)3、圖6)，探索了(le)(le)不同(tong)離子液體的(de)在(zai)聚(ju)四(si)氟潤(run)滑(hua)脂中的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力及摩擦(ca)學性能(neng)。

　　表2 新型潤滑脂的物理(li)性能

　　Table 2 Physical properties of the new lubricating greases

　　(a) Friction coefficients ;(b) wear volume

　　Fig.6 Friction coefficients and wear volume of the greases under various loads.

　　圖6 潤滑脂在不(bu)同載荷下的摩擦系數和磨損(sun)量(liang)

　　表3 合(he)成潤(run)滑(hua)脂的物理(li)性能

　　Table 3 Physical properties of the synthesized lubricating greases

　　圖7 潤(run)(run)滑脂(zhi)潤(run)(run)滑的鋼盤的摩(mo)擦系數(shu)和磨(mo)損量

　　Fig.7 The friction coefficient and wear volume of a steel disk lubricated by the greases

　　隨后我們又(you)陸(lu)續發表了多篇用離子液體(ti)做導(dao)電(dian)添(tian)加劑(ji)的(de)研究論(lun)文(wen)[12-17]。其(qi)中葛(ge)翔宇[18-19]發了用原(yuan)位合成離子液的(de)方法制備復合鋰基導(dao)電(dian)潤滑(hua)脂(見表4、圖7、8)。

　　表4 潤滑脂的導(dao)電性

　　Table 4 Electrical conductive of grease

　　圖(tu)7 不同載荷(he)下(xia)潤滑(hua)脂(zhi)的摩擦(ca)因數

　　Fig.7 Friction coefficient of grease under different loads

　　圖8 不同載荷下潤滑脂的磨(mo)損體積(ji)

　　Fig.7 Wear volume of grease under different loads

　　研究表明，離子(zi)液體的(de)加入能(neng)(neng)夠大幅(fu)降(jiang)低潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)體積電阻率，提高潤(run)滑(hua)脂(zhi)的(de)電導能(neng)(neng)力，減(jian)小接(jie)觸電阻，同時(shi)大幅(fu)度降(jiang)低摩(mo)擦因數和磨(mo)損體積，體現(xian)了優(you)良(liang)的(de)摩(mo)擦學性能(neng)(neng)。葛翔宇[20]發現(xian)不(bu)同的(de)離子(zi)液體導電能(neng)(neng)力不(bu)同(見下表5)。并(bing)且(qie)發現(xian)具有(you)優(you)異的(de)減(jian)摩(mo)和抗(kang)磨(mo)性能(neng)(neng)(見下圖9)。

　　表5 潤滑脂的導電性能

　　Table 5 Conductive Properties of the Greases

　　圖(tu)9 潤滑脂在不同(tong)載荷下的摩擦系數和磨損量(liang)

　　Fig.9 Friction coefficients and wear volume of the greases under various loads

　　(a) Friction coefficients ;(b) wear volume

　　劉椿[21]等將碳(tan)(tan)納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)管( CNTs) 作為(wei)添加劑(ji)(ji)，制(zhi)備了(le)以油溶性(xing)聚醚為(wei)基礎(chu)油，聚四(si)氟(fu)乙烯(xi)( PTFE) 作稠化劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)潤(run)滑脂(zhi)。實驗結果(guo)表明含(han)碳(tan)(tan)納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)管的(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑脂(zhi)與含(han)導(dao)電(dian)炭黑的(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑脂(zhi)相比較，不(bu)但(dan)具(ju)(ju)有(you)優異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)潤(run)滑性(xing)能(neng)，還具(ju)(ju)有(you)低的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)積電(dian)阻率(lv)。吳禮寧[22]分別以不(bu)同含(han)量的(de)(de)(de)納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)碳(tan)(tan)管和石(shi)墨烯(xi)為(wei)添加劑(ji)(ji)，二甲(jia)基硅油為(wei)基礎(chu)油，聚四(si)氟(fu)乙烯(xi)作稠化劑(ji)(ji)，制(zhi)備了(le)導(dao)電(dian)潤(run)滑硅脂(zhi)。研究(jiu)發現兩種添加劑(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)加入能(neng)夠(gou)降低硅脂(zhi)體(ti)積電(dian)阻率(lv)和摩(mo)擦(ca)系數(shu)，且納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)碳(tan)(tan)管硅脂(zhi)體(ti)積電(dian)阻率(lv)小于石(shi)墨烯(xi)硅脂(zhi)，且納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)碳(tan)(tan)管的(de)(de)(de)抗磨減摩(mo)性(xing)能(neng)更優。這些研究(jiu)經驗與結果(guo)鼓舞著我們對納(na)(na)(na)(na)米(mi)碳(tan)(tan)管做深入的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)與探(tan)討。

　　為(wei)此，本課題組進(jin)行了初步的嘗試(shi)[23-24]，將石墨烯(xi)或碳納(na)米(mi)管(guan)加入到(dao)咪唑類離子液體(ti)中研(yan)磨，得到(dao)了石墨烯(xi)、碳納(na)米(mi)管(guan)離子液體(ti)凝膠復(fu)合材料。并且完成(cheng)了一(yi)些修(xiu)飾復(fu)合物作為(wei)導電介質的電力復(fu)合脂制備(bei)和測試(shi)工作(見圖10、表6)。

　　圖(tu)10 自制潤滑脂樣(yang)品

　　Fig.10 Self-made grease sample

　　表(biao)6 自制潤滑(hua)脂理化性能(neng)

　　Table 6 Physical and chemical properties of self-made grease

　　同時制備了以(yi)(yi)(yi)聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)有(you)(you)機高(gao)分子做導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)添(tian)加劑的(de)潤滑(hua)脂，曹(cao)正鋒[25]等以(yi)(yi)(yi)聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)為導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)微(wei)粒(li)制備了導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)復合(he)鋰基潤滑(hua)脂和聚(ju)(ju)四氟(fu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)潤滑(hua)脂，發現其具有(you)(you)較好的(de)理化性能、抗(kang)腐(fu)蝕性能、摩擦學(xue)性能和導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)(見(jian)圖(tu)11，表7)。并認為導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)潤滑(hua)脂優異的(de)抗(kang)腐(fu)蝕性歸(gui)因于“隔離(li)效應”和導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)與金屬反應生成的(de)致密鈍化膜;導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)潤滑(hua)脂具有(you)(you)好的(de)減(jian)摩抗(kang)磨性能和導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)是由于聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)減(jian)小摩擦界面(mian)(mian)(mian)之間的(de)直接接觸(chu)，并且可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)摩擦表面(mian)(mian)(mian)形成復雜的(de)物理化學(xue)保護(hu)膜;而導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)潤滑(hua)脂具有(you)(you)優異的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)主要是因為聚(ju)(ju)苯(ben)胺(an)(an)具有(you)(you)相對較大的(de)比(bi)表面(mian)(mian)(mian)積，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)潤滑(hua)脂中形成更(geng)加充(chong)分的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)網絡，從而提高(gao)摩擦過(guo)程中的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)[26](見(jian)表8、9、圖(tu)12)。

　　圖11 MFT-R4000摩擦(ca)機，在室(shi)溫(負載:20 N，行程:5 mm，頻率(lv):5 Hz，電流:0-20 A)下，PANI潤滑(hua)脂在0-20 A電流梯度測試(shi)中(zhong)摩擦(ca)系(xi)數隨時間的變化

　　Fig.11 MFT-R4000 tribometer and evolution of friction coefficient with time during a current ramp test from 0 to 20 A for PANI grease at room temperature (load: 20 N, stroke: 5 mm, frequency: 5 Hz, current: 0-20 A)

　　表7 導電離子液(ye)體潤滑脂(zhi)的理化性能(添加劑(ji)含量(liang)0.1%)

　　Table 7 Physicochemical characteristics of the conductive lubricating greases containing 0.1% additives

　　表8 聚脲脂(zhi)及添加聚苯(ben)胺(an)后的(de)導電性能

　　Table 8 The electrical conductivity of polyurea and polyaniline

　　表9 復合鋰基脂及添(tian)加(jia)聚苯胺后的性能

　　Table 9 Properties of lithium compound lipids and polyaniline

　　圖12 在潤滑脂中導電過程示意圖

　　Fig.12 Diagram of conductive process in grease

五 結論和展望

　　目前, 對電(dian)機軸承(cheng)用(yong)(yong)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)引起廣(guang)泛關(guan)注(zhu)，但很少有(you)(you)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)論文和相關(guan)專(zhuan)利。未來(lai)純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)導電(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)重點(dian)內容(rong)可(ke)能包括: (1) 高性(xing)能多功能導電(dian)添加劑的(de)(de)(de)合成(cheng)及應用(yong)(yong);(2) 純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)中添加劑的(de)(de)(de)感受性(xing)及配伍性(xing)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu); (3) 純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)背景(jing)和不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)工作條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全使用(yong)(yong)性(xing); (4) 純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)和潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)機理還(huan)需深入研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu); (5) 如何(he)解(jie)決載流條(tiao)件下(xia)摩擦副的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)蝕(shi)問題;(6)綠色環保導電(dian)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)是未來(lai)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)方向。總之，隨著技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)和進步(bu)，純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)潤(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)脂(zhi)(zhi)具有(you)(you)深入研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)價值和廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)前景(jing)。

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